What is hyperfine levels of the ground state?

In atomic physics , hyperfine structure refers to small shifts and splittings in the energy levels of atoms , molecules , and ions , due to the interaction between the state of the nucleus and the state of the electron clouds.

What is the meaning of hyperfine levels?

In atomic physics, hyperfine structure is defined by small shifts in otherwise degenerate energy levels and the resulting splittings in those energy levels of atoms, molecules, and ions, due to interaction between the nucleus and electron clouds.

What is cesium hyperfine splitting frequency?

It follows that the hyperfine splitting in the ground state of the caesium 133 atom is exactly 9 192 631 770 hertz, (hfs Cs) = 9 192 631 770 Hz. At its 1997 meeting the CIPM affirmed that: This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K.

Why is cesium-133 used to maintain the standard of time?

The principle underlying the cesium clock is that all atoms of cesium-133 are identical and, when they absorb or release energy, produce radiation of exactly the same frequency, which makes the atoms perfect timepieces.

What is the frequency of one type of radiation emitted by cesium 133?

By definition frequency is number of events per second. Cs-133 atom makes 9,192,631,770 radiation cycles per second, so it has 9192631770Hz radiation frequency.

What is the cause of hyperfine structure in ESR?

The hyperfine splitting (hfs) is a special feature of ESR caused by the interaction of electron spins with the magnetic nuclei in the sample. When a number of magnetic nuclei coexist in a radical and interact with the unpaired electron, the ESR spectrum will contain many lines.

What is hyperfine structure of spectral lines explain its origin?

hyperfine structure (HFS), in spectroscopy, the splitting of a spectral line into a number of components. The splitting is caused by nuclear effects and cannot be observed in an ordinary spectroscope without the aid of an optical device called an interferometer.

What is difference between fine structure and hyperfine structure of an atom?

Fine structure describes the splitting of the spectral lines of atoms due to electron spin and relativistic corrections to the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. The hyperfine structure is caused by interaction between magnetic field (from electron movement) and nuclear spin.

What is unperturbed ground state hyperfine frequency?

Current Definition The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ΔvCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be 9 192 631 770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.

What causes hyperfine splitting?

The hyperfine splitting (hfs) is a special feature of ESR caused by the interaction of electron spins with the magnetic nuclei in the sample. The magnetic field separation between two neighboring peaks in the splitting due to the same nucleus is called the hfs-constant of that magnetic nucleus.

Why is caesium used to measure time?

And that’s where caesium comes in. It has a far higher resonant frequency even than quartz – 9,192,631,770 Hz, to be precise. This is one reason Essen used the element to make the first of the next generation of clocks – the “atomic” clocks.

What is the Group of caesium?

Group 1
Fact box