How did the different languages develop?

But humans kept moving, and migrations, in whatever form and point in time they might have taken place, helped spread languages with different origins all over the world. While different groups of people initiated contact with each other, they developed languages that were often a mix of the two already spoken ones.

How language is affected by migration?

Higher levels indicate greater linguistic proximity between either the first official language in both destination and origin or between the closest among any multiple official or two major languages in each countries. We find that migration rates are higher between countries whose languages are more similar.

How do we know that Proto-Indo-European languages existed?

While there can be no direct evidence of prehistoric languages, both the existence of Proto-Indo-European and the dispersal of its daughter dialects through wide-ranging migrations and elite-dominance dispersal are inferred through a synthesis of data from linguistics, archaeology, anthropology and genetics.

What are the characteristics of Proto-Indo-European phonology?

Proto-Indo-European phonology has been reconstructed in some detail. Notable features of the most widely accepted (but not uncontroversial) reconstruction include: three series of stop consonants reconstructed as voiceless, voiced, and breathy voiced; sonorant consonants that could be used syllabically;

When did Indo-European language dispersal begin?

Scheme of Indo-European language dispersals from c. 4000 to 1000 BCE according to the widely held Kurgan hypothesis.

What is the second-oldest Indo-European language?

The second-oldest branch, the Tocharian languages, were spoken in the Tarim Basin (present-day western China ), and split-off from early PIE, which was spoken on the eastern Pontic steppe. The bulk of the Indo-European languages developed from late PIE, which was spoken at the Yamnaya horizon in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, around 3000 BCE.