How much cobalt is used in oil refining?

Catalyst are often used in the petroleum refinery industry, especially cobalt-based catalyst such as CoMoX. Every year, Indonesia’s oil industry produces around 1350 tons of spent hydrodesulphurization catalyst in which cobalt makes up for 7\%wt. of them. Cobalt is a non-renewable and highly valuable resource.

How much cobalt is used in a Tesla battery?

For instance, Tesla’s current vehicle batteries contain less than five percent cobalt and the company announced in September 2020 that they are developing their own batteries that will be cobalt-free.

How much oil does it take to make a car battery?

Oil, natural gas, and coal are needed to produce the concrete, steel, plastics, and purified minerals used to build green machines. The energy equivalent of 100 barrels of oil is used in the processes to fabricate a single battery that can store the equivalent of one barrel of oil.

Are Tesla batteries cobalt-free?

That’s much longer than most people keep a new car. Their new range of 4680 batteries intended for the new generation of Tesla cars do not use nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode but a high-nickel cathode.

What industry uses the most Cobalt?

lithium-ion batteries
The rechargeable battery segment has become both the largest and potentially fastest growing end-use of cobalt. The use of lithium-ion batteries in the electric vehicle market has become the most important growth driver for cobalt demand.

What are uses of cobalt?

Cobalt is also used to make airbags in automobiles; catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries; cemented carbides (also called hardmetals) and diamond tools; corrosion- and wear-resistant alloys; drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks; dyes and pigments; ground coats for porcelain enamels; high-speed …

How much lithium does it take to make a Tesla battery?

That’s about one-half teaspoon of sugar. A typical EV can have about 5,000 battery cells. Building from there, a single EV has roughly 10 kilograms—or 22 pounds—of lithium in it.

Is there an alternative to cobalt for batteries?

Glass and glass-ceramic vanadate materials can be a promising alternative to cobalt-based cathode materials which have significant sourcing and supply chain risks.

Who owns most of the cobalt mines?

Glencore is the world’s largest cobalt-mining company, with total production in 2017 of 27,400 tonnes, and plans to increase output to 63,000 tonnes by 2020.

Are electric car batteries going cobalt-free?

As a result, electric vehicle manufacturers are transitioning away from cobalt. For instance, Tesla’s current vehicle batteries contain less than five percent cobalt and the company announced in September 2020 that they are developing their own batteries that will be cobalt-free.

How much cobalt is needed to power an electric car?

A single electric car needs between six and 12kg of cobalt, with a requirement of almost 120,000 tonnes a year anticipated by 2030.

How much cobalt is in a lithium-ion battery?

“The first generation of lithium-ion batteries for consumer electronics contained cathodes with 60\% cobalt. The first generation of EV batteries contained 33\% cobalt in cathodes, while current commercial cathodes in EV batteries contain 15-20\% cobalt, and industry is actively developing 10\% cobalt cathodes,” they summarize.

Can a lithium-ion battery ditch cobalt for high performance?

A new lithium-ion electric vehicle battery ditches cobalt for high performance without the supply chain risk baggage. With millions of zero emission cars set to hit the streets over the next few years, the race is on to find a formula for lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries that ditches cobalt in favor of more abundant, less expensive materials.