How do you make chitosan from shrimp shells?

The major procedure for obtaining chitosan is based on the alkaline deacetylation of chitin with strong alkaline solution at different period of time. The deproteinization was occurred by heating of 3 gm of shrimp shells powder after adding 2 N NaOH with ratio of 12ml:1g (w/v) at 70˚C for 4 h.

How do you get chitin from shrimp shells?

Chitin is extracted from shrimp shells by demineralization and deproteinization procedures. In current industrial processing, methods for chitin preparation include chemical treatments, enzymatic reactions, and microbial fermentation [1,15,16].

How do you make chitosan?

Deacetylation of chitin to produce chitosan is usually achieved by hydrolysis of the acetamide groups with concentrated NaOH or KOH (40–50\%) at temperatures above 100 ∘C. This reaction is generally carried out under heterogeneous conditions.

What is shrimp chitosan?

Chitosan /ˈkaɪtəsæn/ is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide.

How do I get chitosan?

Chitosan extraction was done following three major steps, i.e., demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. For demineralization, 10 g of sample was treated with 2N hydrochloric acid at solid to solvent ratio of 1:15 for 2 h with constant stirring at 150 rpm in incubator shaker at room temperature [23].

What is the difference between chitin and chitosan?

Chitin can be N-deacetylated to such an extent that it becomes soluble in dilute acetic and formic acids. In chitin, the acetylated units prevail and the degree acetylation is typically 0.90, while chitosan is a fully or partially N-deacetylated derivative with a typical degree of deacetylation of more than 0.65.

Is chitin harmful to humans?

Chitin is also extremely green. The biopolymer is biodegradable, biocompatible, and non toxic.

Is chitin and chitosan the same?

Chitin is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occurring in nature, and is the building material that gives strength to the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and the cell walls of fungi. Through enzymatic or chemical deacetylation, chitin can be converted to its most well-known derivative, chitosan.

What is the source of chitosan?

Chitin is the primary structural component of the outer skeletons of crustaceans, and is also found in many other species such as molluscs, insects and fungi. The most commonly obtained form of chitosan is the a-chitosan from crustacean chitin obtained from crab- and shrimp shell wastes [11].

What foods contain chitosan?

Chitosan is a sugar that is obtained from the hard outer skeleton of shellfish, including crab, lobster, and shrimp.

What is commercial chitosan?

Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, a fundamental component of cell walls of fungi and can be found on exoskeleton of many crustaceans, arthropods and mollusks. Many studies that conducted have revealed that chitosan from crustaceans exhibit antimicrobial activity (Goy et al., 2009, Kong et al., 2010).

Is chitosan biodegradable?

Being a natural biodegradable biopolymer, chitosan undergoes enzymatic degradation to non-toxic components. In vivo, chitosan may be degraded by several enzymes, first of all by lysozyme which is a non-specific enzyme present in all mammalian tissues.