What are examples of checkpoint inhibitors?

Examples of checkpoint inhibitors include pembrolizumab (Keytruda), ipilimumab (Yervoy), nivolumab (Opdivo) and atezolizumab (Tecentriq).

How do immune checkpoint inhibitors target lymphocyte receptors?

The immune checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), which regulate immune responses at different points in the immune response.

What is the main effector cells targeted by the checkpoint inhibitors?

CD8+ T cells are considered to be the main effectors of the blockade of inhibitory receptors. Certain CD8+ T cell subsets, such as non-hyperexhausted (CD28+, T-bethigh, PD-1int), follicular-like (CXCR-5+) or resident memory CD8+ T cells, are more prone to be reactivated by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb).

What are immune checkpoint inhibitors used for?

A type of drug that blocks proteins called checkpoints that are made by some types of immune system cells, such as T cells, and some cancer cells. These checkpoints help keep immune responses from being too strong and sometimes can keep T cells from killing cancer cells.

Is cetuximab a checkpoint inhibitor?

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab have been recently approved for the treatment of recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer (HNSCC). However, only a minority of patients respond to therapy….Paclitaxel Plus Cetuximab After First-line Checkpoint Inhibitor Failure.

Which topic should be discussed when teaching a patient about checkpoint inhibitors?

Treatment side effects, management strategies, and infusion center orientation are consistently shown as the most important topics to help reduce patient anxiety (Garcia, 2014).

Is Durvalumab a checkpoint inhibitor?

Durvalumab: a newly approved checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma.

What are immune checkpoint molecules?

Immune checkpoint molecules are co-stimulatory receptors, occurring on the surface of several immune cells. After ligand binding, these regulators are capable of transducing inhibitory signals (5). CTLA-4, TIM-3, PD-1 are the most studied members from this group of cell surface receptors (5).

What produces CTLA-4?

CTLA-4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by activated T cells and transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells. CTLA-4 is homologous to the T-cell co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to CD80 and CD86, also called B7-1 and B7-2 respectively, on antigen-presenting cells.

What is the function of checkpoint proteins?

The key role of checkpoint proteins is to detect DNA damage and send a signal to delay cell cycle advance until the damaged chromosomes are repaired (Figure 1).

Is cetuximab an immunotherapy drug?

Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as avelumab and cetuximab, may help the body’s immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread.

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