What is the difference between centum and satem?

In centum languages, they typically began with a /k/ sound (Latin centum was pronounced with initial /k/), but in satem languages, they often began with /s/ (the example satem comes from the Avestan language of Zoroastrian scripture).

Was Illyrian centum or satem?

If Gentius or Genthius derives from *ǵen- (“to be born”), this is proof of a centum language, but if the name Zanatis is similarly generated (or from *ǵen-, “know”) then Illyrian is a satem language.

What languages are included in satem?

The Satem languages include Indo-Iranian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Albanian, and perhaps also a number of barely documented extinct languages, such as Thracian and Dacian. This group merged PIE-velars and PIE-labiovelars to develop into velars, and changed PIE-palatovelars into sibilants .

Is Greek centum or satem?

As to how Greek, a centum language, and Armenian, a satem language, can be each other’s closest relative: because both centumization and satemization appeared multiple times. We know this because Proto-Anatolian, the earliest branch to split from the PIE tree, was neither centum nor satem.

Did Proto-Indo-European split into centum and satem branches?

It is no longer thought that the Proto-Indo-European language split first into centum and satem branches from which all the centum and all the satem languages, respectively, would have derived.

What are centum and satem languages?

Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of “K” and “G” type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) developed.

Is the centum–satem division an isogloss?

The centum–satem division forms an isogloss in synchronic descriptions of Indo-European languages. It is no longer thought that the Proto-Indo-European language split first into centum and satem branches from which all the centum and all the satem languages, respectively, would have derived.

Was the Anatolian branch of the Indo-Indo-European language centum-satem?

They merged Proto-Indo-European palatovelars and plain velars, yielding plain velars only (“centumisation”) but retained the labiovelars as a distinct set. The Anatolian branch probably falls outside the centum–satem dichotomy; for instance, Luwian indicates that all three dorsal consonant rows survived separately in Proto-Anatolian.

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