What is packing a pipeline?

“Linepack” refers to the volume of gas that can be “stored” in a gas pipeline. The operational implications of line pack mean that the volume of gas injected into a pipeline (at the inlet), can bd greater than the volume of gas withdrawn from the pipeline (at the outlet).

How is oil moved through a pipeline?

The oil is moved through the pipelines by pump stations along the pipeline. Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are pressurized into liquids known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Hydrogen pipeline transport is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe.

Why are there bends in oil pipelines?

Pipe bends (elbows) are widely used in industrial steel piping and steel pipelines. In industrial piping systems, bends are mainly used because of their flexibility, which allows for the accommodation of thermal expansions and the absorption of other externally-induced loads on the piping system.

What are crude oil pipelines?

Liquid Pipelines They move crude oil from oil fields on land and offshore to refineries where it is turned into fuels and other products, then from the refineries to terminals where fuels are trucked to retail outlets. Pipelines operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

How are products separated in a pipeline?

Any mixed products must be placed in a separate tank and reprocessed to separate. Some pipeline systems use a batch mechanism called a “pipeline pig” to separate individual parcels, but the usual approach is to mix together “like crudes” in a common stream.

How is oil extracted and transported?

Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Even the modes of transportation on land such as pipeline or rail have their own strengths and weaknesses.

Why loops are used in piping?

Expansion loops provide sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal expansion and contraction from causing excessive stresses in the piping system. Expansion loops often are required in high-temperature gas well flow lines and gas and water injection lines.

What is line pack volume of gas pipeline?

The quantity of gas contained within the pipeline under pressure, measured at standard conditions (generally 14.7 psia and 60°F), is termed the line pack volume whereas for single-phase liquid pipeline, the ‘pack volume’ is simply the physical volume of the pipeline since liquid is incompressible.

What is a pipeline and how does it work?

Line Pack A pipeline, particularly in the oil and gas industry is used to transport natural gas from production well head to consumers (few to several hundred miles in-between) and can also be used to store that gas before and during transportation to consumers.

What are the properties of a natural gas transfer pipeline?

Generally, in a natural gas transfer pipeline, gas flows from point ‘A’ to point ‘B’. Main properties such as pressures and temperatures vary along the pipeline length. In a single-phase line (Gas only or Liquid only), the volume of the respective fluid contained in a given length of pipeline is simply the physical volume of the pipe segment.

How to calculate the vapour space volume of a pipeline?

After the total volume of liquid is obtained in the pipeline, the vapour space volume is calculated by subtracting the total volume of liquid from the physical volume of the pipeline.